ADHD history:

Historical evidence about ADHD goes back thousands of years as far as 400 BC when the Greek physician and scientist Hippocrates described a condition that was very similar to ADHD featuring, “quickened responses to sensory experience, but also less tenaciousness because the soul moves on quickly to the next impression." 

- In 1798, Sir Alexander Crichton referred to hyperactivity as a "mental restlessness" in his book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Mental Derangement. 

- In 1902, British pediatrician Sir George Still identified a reference to ADHD that described this condition as “an abnormal defect of moral control in children." He recognized that children with this "defect" could not control their behavior in the same way normal children could.

- In 1919, after some survivors of the influenza pandemic developed encephalitis and showed symptoms of ADHD, doctors blamed brain damage for causing the condition.

- In 1937, scientists reported that stimulants can control ADHD symptoms.

- In 1952, The American Psychiatric Association (APA) published its first edition of the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” (DSM), in which they listed all the recognized mental disorders including known causes, treatments, and risk factors. However, the APA did not recognize ADHD clearly in the first edition.

- In 1955, the FDA approved Ritalin (a central nervous system stimulant of the phenethylamine and piperidine classes).

- In 1968, a disorder similar to ADHD appeared in the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders." It was described as “minimal brain dysfunction,” and it was called “Hyperkinetic impulse disorder” (also known as “hyperkinetic reaction of childhood”).

- In 1979, an article in the influential journal Science referred to "The hyperactive child syndrome" for the first time.

- In 1980, the name "Attention Deficit Disorder" (ADD) was introduced in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" to describe the condition (DSM III).

- In 1987, the name was refined in the DSM-III-R, and officially labeled "ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)."

- In the 1990s, the number of ADHD cases began to climb significantly. It is claimed that several factors were responsible for this increase as:

• Doctors could diagnose and identify ADHD more efficiently
• More parents were aware of ADHD symptoms and started reporting it
• The number of diagnoses increased, allowing doctors to discover more cases
• The belief that more children started developing ADHD because of several environmental and social factors

- In 1994, the fourth edition of the DSM identified three subgroup types for the "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder."

- In 1996, the FDA approved a second drug, Adderall (dextroamphetamine and amphetamine), to treat ADHD symptoms. 

- In 2003, the FDA approved Strattera, the first non-stimulant drug for ADHD. It was also the first drug to be approved for adult use. 

- In 2003, the CDC reported that approximately 4.4 million children have been diagnosed with ADHD (about 8 percent of all U.S. children aged 4 to 17) and 2.5 million children with ADHD were on medication.

- In 2007, warning labels on ADHD medications were updated to include the side effects of using the drugs, which included psychiatric symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, or mania, and the possibility of cardiovascular risks (including sudden death for people with serious heart problems and abnormalities).

ADHD causes:

Scientists have not been able yet to identify the specific causes of ADHD. Nevertheless, several facts indicate that ADHD is a genetic disorder given that many children with ADHD are reported to have missing or duplicated segments of DNA.

Children who have parents or siblings with the disorder are more likely to have it. There’s evidence showing that three out of four children with ADHD have a relative with the same disorder.

Environmental causes, psychological stress, and social problems may also contribute to further behavioral and emotional difficulties that can lead to ADHD.

Other factors that may contribute to the development of ADHD are related to pregnancy and might lead to brain damage. They include premature birth, consuming alcohol during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy, or experiencing extreme stress during pregnancy.

ADHD symptoms:

Symptoms of ADHD can differ from person to person depending on the type of ADHD the person has, but all the types of ADHD are mostly characterized by the symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. These symptoms might include:

• Lacking attention to details and getting easily distracted
• Having trouble focusing and getting bored very quickly
• Facing difficulty when organizing their thoughts
• Facing challenges when learning new information, and process information slowly
• Having trouble following directions and not listening when someone talks to them
• Having difficulty sitting still and talking constantly
• Feeling restless and acting impatient
• Touching and playing with objects, even when the task at hand may be inappropriate
• Acting impulsively without thinking about the consequences of their actions
• Having trouble engaging in quiet activities, and are constantly hyper, moving, or on the go
• Blurting out answers before a question is finished or tend to finish people’s sentences as they have difficulty to wait for their turn
• Interrupting others and intruding on their activities, or start using other people possessions without asking for their permission
• Revealing unfitting answers and making inappropriate comments 

Given also that every person is different, it is very common for two people to experience the same symptoms in different ways. As such, these behaviors can often be different between boys and girls, where boys may be seen as more hyperactive, and girls may be quietly inattentive.

It has been also noticed that symptoms of hyperactivity and possibly impulsiveness appear to diminish with age.

ADHD diagnosis: 

There is no single method or lab test used to diagnose ADHD as it is more of an extensive process that involves gathering information from several sources and people close to the patient. 

Ideally, a good ADHD diagnosis should begin with a clinical interview where the doctor gathers the patient's complete medical history. It should be followed up with neuropsychological testing, which can give a better understanding of the person's strengths and weaknesses, and helps identify comorbid conditions.

The American Academy of Pediatrics or the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) has standard guidelines that can guide this process.

However, sometimes it remains quite difficult sometimes for a general practitioner to properly diagnose ADHD for several reasons:

1-    Most general practitioners are not experts in the characteristics of ADHD and its overlapping conditions such as learning disabilities, mood disorders, or autism spectrum disorder.

2-    A detailed ADHD test can take several hours of talking, test taking, and analysis to diagnose a patient. It can even include vision and hearing screening, but most doctors can’t give it the required time, especially given their busy practice. 

Natural treatments for ADHD:

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There are several natural solutions for ADHD. Some of these solutions focus on fighting inattentiveness and helping relieve ADHD symptoms. Other solutions work on improving self-control. Some of these solutions include:

- Nutritional supplements: Some nutritional supplements can reduce the symptoms of ADHD. For instance, fish oil supplements that contain omega-3 fatty acids may improve the patient’s mental skills. They may also help improve a patient’s ability to organize activities.

- Herbs and plants: Some plants can help patients become calmer and more focused. They can also improve sleep and slow the pace of thoughts. For instance, plants like cannabis can reduce hyperactivity and inattentiveness. Other plants like ginseng can reduce restlessness and improve self-control.

Medical treatment for ADHD:

There is currently no cure for ADHD.  However, some medications can help manage ADHD symptoms in everyday life and can help control the behaviors that cause difficulties when interacting with other people.

Some of the medications are:

- Stimulants: stimulants are the best-known and most widely used ADHD medications. They can help reduce ADHD symptoms and are fast-acting.

- Non-stimulants: These drugs are used for the treatment of ADHD. They do not work as quickly as stimulants, but their effect can last up to 24 hours.