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8 Side Effects of the Ketogenic Diet + How to Reverse Them - Thomas DeLauer

Skin Health - Skin dries out with dehydration (Fix with Collagen)

A study published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences looked at the effects of collagen peptides on skin epidermal moisturization after ultraviolet B irradiation-induced skin dehydration

Hairless mice were orally administered CP at two doses (500 and 1000 mg/kg) for nine weeks, and the dorsal skin was exposed to UVB.

Oral administration of CP increased skin hydration and decreased wrinkle formation compared to the UVB-irradiated group. 

Treatment of CP increased the mRNA and protein expression of hyaluronic acid synthases (HAS-1 and -2) concomitant with an increased hyaluronic acid production in skin tissue

The expression of hyaluronidase (HYAL-1 and 2) mRNA was downregulated in the CP-treated group. 

In addition, the protein expression of skin-hydrating factors, filaggrin and involucrin, was upregulated via oral administration of CP

In summary, these results show that oral administration of CP increases hyaluronic acid levels, which decreases during UVB photoaging

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science...​
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp20...​
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3...​

Fatigue - Mag ATP

Gluconeogenesis increases on keto, demanding more ATP 

ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main source of energy in cells, must be bound to a magnesium ion in order to be biologically active - what is called ATP is often actually Mg-ATP

Loss of Anaerobic Power

The bulk of ATP for anaerobic exercise comes from glycolysis - the glycolytic process requires that muscle cells breakdown glycogen to glucose via the glycogen phosphorylase pathway

One possible mechanism for reduced anaerobic capacity may be attributed to the LCD-induced keto-acidosis, which was reflected in the present study by reduction of blood pH. 

It is well established that anaerobic glycolysis is limited by acidosis via inhibition of the rate limiting enzyme, phosphofructokinase

PFK-1 catalyzes the important "committed" step of glycolysis, the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate and ATP to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and ADP

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...​

Headaches
 
Dehydration
 
When the body is dehydrated, the brain can temporarily contract or shrink from fluid loss - this mechanism causes the brain to pull away from the skull, causing pain and resulting in a dehydration headache.

Once rehydrated, the brain plumps up and returns to its normal state, relieving the headache.

Also believed that blood vessels in the head may actually narrow in an attempt to regulate body fluid levels - this would make it harder for oxygen and blood to get to the brain, a headache results

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2...​

Believed that a keto diet would attenuate migraines due to ketones being able to counteract the neuroinflammation involved in migraines

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2...​

Per The Journal of Headache and Pain:

Migraineurs were found and enrolled in a dietician clinical setting. All clinical data were recorded before the diet initiation and, blind to neurologist, subjects were divided in two subgroups: KD and SD followers. After a one month period of diet, patients were re-evaluated for comparisons.

Headache frequency and drug consumption was reduced during the observation period, but only in KD group. Responder rates in KD group (52 subjects) were higher than 90% in terms of attack frequency and drug consumption in the month of observation, while SD group (56 subjects) has no effect.

Responder rate: 90% of those in the KD group saw reductions in migraines

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...​

Muscle Stiffness (Omega 6 Related)


Constipation 

Dehydration & electrolyte deficiency is also a cause of constipation and is a problem people on the keto diet face. 

Our stools are largely composed of water - 75% of the feces is composed of water, while only 25% is attributed to solids

Keto Breath

The liver breaks down acetone - the smell can vary, but it usually has a fruity (like the smell of rotten apples) smell – usually likened to the smell of nail varnish remover (acetone is a chemical in nail polish remover)


Keto Rash - Neutrophilic Infiltration

Ketone bodies are thought to accumulate around blood vessels, leading to a predominantly neutrophilic inflammation

The ketones subsequently enter the cells, leading to alterations in intracytoplasmic cellular processes [note: “intracytoplasmic” = inside the cytoplasm, which is part of the inside of a cell]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1...